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Final Essay Exam
[|Student Final Essay Exam Topics.doc]

Unit #6 French Revolution and Napoleon

 * 1) Describe the Three Estates (who was part of each one, and what rights and responsibilities did they have?) [[image:http://img16.imageshack.us/img16/5581/chartestate.png]]
 * 2) Who were the bourgeoisie? Wealthiest and smallest group in the Third Estate (included merchants,manufacturers,educated lawyers,doctors,storekeepers,artisans)
 * 3) Identify three philosophes and explain what they believed? [[image:http://img12.imageshack.us/img12/2108/chartphil.png]]  
 * 4) Why was Louis XIV known as the “Sun King”? Louis XIV was a great monarch, and he was capable of maintaining strong kingdom because he never, in his entire life, doubted his right to be king. He felt he was the centre of French culture and society,
 * 5) What was Louis XVI like as a ruler? Very ignorant, inexperienced, had no idea how to rule a country,    Made high and unfair taxes that only the third estate had to pay. After putting France in a bad situation and using all of France's money he tries to escape and attack the government with the help of Austria and Prussia.
 * 6) How did people feel about Marie Antoinette and why? They accused the Queen of treason and other high crimes and murdered her anyway. France wanted to rid itself of all the royalty which was left. Thus, any excuse was sufficient in order for them to kill its royals. Also, she was a foreigner (Austrian) so they disliked her.
 * 7) What changes did Robert Turgot suggest? Turgot suggested reforms that were unpopular with nobles( taxing nobles and church, remove taxes on buisiness & redistribute grain)
 * 8) What was the Estates General and how often did it meet? A general assembly representing the three different Estates of France. Every Year?
 * 9) Why did Louis XVI call the Estates General in 1789?
 * 10) What did the deputies of the Third Estate propose at the meeting of the Estates General in 1789? They wanted to meet as one (all three Estates) and have a majority vote.
 * 11) What was the Tennis Court Oath? After Louis locked the National Assembly out of their meeting place, The Tennis Court Oath was a result of the growing discontent of the Third Estate in France in the face of King Louis XVI's desire to hold onto the country's history of absolute government. The deputies of the Third Estate were coming together for a meeting to discuss the reforms proposed by Necker, the Prime Minister. These reforms called for the meeting of all the Estates together, and to hold a vote by head instead of by estate. This would have given the Third Estate, at least nominally, a stronger voice in the Estates General.
 * 12) What happened on July 14th, 1789? It was stroming of the Bastille. The time was half past three, on the famous date of July 14, 1789. A huge, bloodthirsty mob marched to the Bastille, searching for gun powder and prisoners that had been taken by the unpopular and detested King, Louis XVI.
 * 13) What was the March on Versailles and who led it? It was the Women's march and it was led by National Gaurd. They were gathered in the street demanding bread, and they said they had to talk to the king. National Gaurd marched to Versailles   to bring king back to Paris.
 * 14) What is the guillotine and how is it connected to the French Revolution? Device used for carrying out executions by decapitation. It consists of a tall upright frame from which a blade is suspended. This blade is raised with a rope and then allowed to drop, severing the victim's head from his or her body. The device is noted for long being the main method of execution in France and, more particularly, for its use during the French Revolution.
 * 15) What were the major ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man? <span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; color: rgb(255, 88, 0);">August 4th feudal rights outlawed, August 26th declared men were born and remain free and equal in rights.
 * 16) What did the Civil Constitution of the Clergy do?
 * 17) What did the Constitution of 1791 not allow all citizens to do?
 * 18) What was the Reign of Terror?
 * 19) What government replaced the Reign of Terror?
 * 20) In which places did Napoleon make a name for himself as he rose to power?
 * 21) Who was he fighting in Egypt? <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">British N.A.V.Y.
 * 22) What was the governing organization Napoleon overthrew to take power?
 * 23) What title did he declare himself?
 * 24) What aspects of French government and society changed under Napoleon? What aspects were like the Ancient Regime?
 * 25) What was the Napoleonic code? <span style="font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">Set of his Laws
 * 26) What was abolished in areas under Napoleon’s control?
 * 27) Between 1804 to 1807, which European countries did Napoleon defeat in battle?
 * 28) What problems did Napoleon’s army face in Russia? <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 120%; color: rgb(26, 109, 23);">No supplies, Strong Cold Winter
 * 29) === //Where was Napoleon exiled to at first? Where was he sent the second time?//__First Time he was exiled to Elba Is., Second time - to St. Helena Is.__ ===
 * 30) Where did Napoleon face his final defeat? <span style="font-size: 120%; font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; color: rgb(14, 53, 8);">The field called Waterloo

Unit #5 English Civil War
Was the execution of Charles I justified? In what ways could Cromwell be considered a failure? Why should the British Columbia Social Studies 9 curriculum include the study of the English Civil War?

Unit #4 Conflict in North America
What areas of North America did France and Britain control in the fur trade? ** Hudson Bay, St. Lawrence Great Lakes ** What effect did the coureurs de bois have on the area the French traded furs in? ** They were independent who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities ** Who were Radisson and de Groseilliers? ** They were perhaps the most famous of the coureurs de bois ** Define Rupert’s Land. ** A territory given to the Hudson Bay Company ** What company got the monopoly to trade in Rupert’s Land? ** The ** ** Hudson Bay Company ** Where did the Hudson’s Bay Company initially place most of its trading forts (specifically)? ** On the Bay near the river mouths ** Name the first two British colonies in North America. ** Jamestown, Virginia and Plymouth ** Where were the 13 colonies located? (identify their location generally on a map) How did most of the British colonies govern themselves? ** By establishing assemblies similar to the English Parliament ** What were relations with Native Americans like for the British colonies? ** Some colonists had friendly relations with the Native Americans living near them. But over the years, the interaction between the colonists and the natives turned more often to conflicts ** What resources did the British and French compete for? ** Fishing rights, the fur trade, and Native American alliances ** What else were they in competition for? ** They were competing for having power in North America. (The French and British war which then became known as the French and Indian War.) ** What type of labour was common in the southern colonies? ** Grew tobacco, rice, and indigo, which they traded with other colonies and England. The large plantations were worked by slaves brought from Africa ** Who were the Acadians? ** They were the French settlers in Nova Scotia ** Why were they in British territory? ** Because the French lost to the British in the war and the Acadians were forced to go to Britain. ** What did a number of the governors of Nova Scotia demand the Acadians do? ** The growing Acadian population to take the oath of allegiance to the British Crown ** How did the Acadians Respond to their demands? ** They refused to take the oath ** What event caused the British to force the issue with the Acadians? What happened at Fort Beausejour? ** The British attacked the French, under the leadership of Governor Lawrence ** Who was Governor Lawrence? ** He was a governor who wrote the deportation orders **? What action did he take with regard to the Acadians? ** He issued the Acadians an ultimatum ** What two countries fought in the Seven Years’ War? ** France and Britain ** In what three geographic areas was there conflict between these countries? ** Ohio Valley, Atlantic areas of Newfoundland and nova scotia and Acadian, and in north and west of North America ** What is Louisbourg? ** A French fort in Canada, Nova Scotia ** Why was it important in the war? ** Louisbourg was an important military base and fortification. ** What important military advantage did the British have? ** They had the largest and best army in Europe ** Where was Fort Duquesne and why was it significant? ** At the junction of the [|Allegheny] and [|Monongahela] rivers in what is now downtown [|Pittsburgh] in [|Pennsylvania]. It was significant for settlement and trading? ** Who was James Wolfe? ** A British army officer ** Who was Louis-Joseph Marquis de Montcalm? ** A French noble ** Who was William Pitt and why was he an important figure in the Seven Years War? ** British Prime Minister who was a strong supporter of the empire and picked wolfe to attack louisbourg and then to lead attack on Quebec ** What is meant by guerilla-style fighting and which side used it most? ** a small group of combatants use mobile [|tactics] (ambushes, raids, etc.) to combat a larger and less mobile formal [|army]. **** French and Natives ** What happened at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham? ** The British defeated the French in a 10 minute battle? ** Who won the Seven Years’ War and where did the final surrender take place? ** The British and it took place in montreal? ** What did the French leadership ask for as part of the surrender? ** After the war, the French leadership as as part of the surrender to take them back to France ** Explain the victory of the British over the French in North America in the Seven Years’ War. ** The British had a good military strength, supporters of their mother country, infighting in leadership, ** What were the two sides that fought each other in the American Revolution? ** America vs. Britain, but britain had german allies and the U.S. got help from the French navy ** Why was the Ohio Valley important to the 13 colonies? ** Ohio valley went to Quebec? ** What did the Royal Proclamation of 1763 do? ** Designed to wipe out French culture ** How did the Quebec Act negatively affect the 13 colonies? ** Ohio valley gave land to Quebec ** Why did Britain claim it needed to tax the colonies? ** The Parliament did not represent the people of the colonies ** Identify the Stamp Act, Townshend Acts and Intolerable Acts. ** Stamp Act: required the colonists to attach stamps purchased from the British government to legal documents, newspaper, and other items. Townshend Acts: It placed taxes on tea, lead, paint, paper, and glass entering colonial ports. Intolerable Acts: The strongest of these acts closed the port of Boston until the colonists paid for the ruined tea. ** Who was king of England during the American Revolution? ** George the third? ** What effect did the Boston Tea Party have on Britain’s attitude to the colonies? ** To help the financially troubled British East India Company to sell its extra tea in the colonies ** Why did the British send troops to Concord? ** To arrest the patriots Samuel Adams and John Hancock so they could be sent to Britain for trial ** What document officially began the American Revolution and what was the date it was signed? ** The Declaration of Independence, on July 4, 1776 ** Who was the leader of the Continental Army? ** General George Washington ** What ideas of the Enlightenment helped shaped this document? ** Introduced new ideas about equality, liberty, justice and rights. Also it influenced the revolutionary leaders ** Who was Thomas Paine and how did he contribute to the revolution? ** a [|British] [|pamphleteer], [|revolutionary] , [|radical] , [|inventor] , and [|intellectual]. ** ** He created a pamphlet, challenged the British authority, and called for independence ** What European country agreed to enter the war on the American’s side? ** France ** What happened at the Battle of Yorktown? ** Washington, with a French and colonial army of 16000 men, faced Cornwallis on land. There was no battle but Cornwallis was trapped. Cornwallis surrendered his army on October 19, 1781 ** What country was created by the Treaty of Paris in 1783? ** United States? ** Who were the Loyalists and how were they treated? ** People who remained loyal to Britan and the British Empire during the American revolution. They were not treated nice and it was dangerous to be a loyalist because the rebels viewed them as traitors and attacked them violently ** Where did they settle? ** In Canada. There were loyalists in all thirteen American colonies. ** What impact did they have on the British colonies of North America? ** They spread out and created new colonies in New Brunswick and Upper Canada (Ontario)? ** What was the effect of the Constitution Act of 1791? ** was an Act of the British Parliament creating [|UPPER CANADA] and [|LOWER CANADA]. ** Who were the “War Hawks”? ** Politicians who called for war ** What reasons did Americans have for wanting to go to war with Britain? ** The US wanted to restore trades ** Who was Tecumseh and why was he important in the War of 1812? ** He was a Shawnee chief and he led attacks on settlers ** Which fort did the British capture early in the war? ** Fort Michilimackinac and Fort Detroit ** What effect did this victory have on the settlers of Upper Canada? ** Anti US feelings grew stronger, US immigration to Canada ended, and Upper Canada gained a sense of identity and community ** Who was Laura Secord? ** a [|Canadian] heroine of the [|War of 1812] **** Loyalist ** What event in Europe helped to speed up the end of the war? ** The war in Europe was over? ** Who won the war? ** No clear winner ** Why was the Battle of New Orleans significant in an unfortunate way? ** Anti-US feeling grew stronger? ** You will be asked to write an OUTLINE (not the complete essay) in answer to the following question: With reference to the wars that took place in North America between 1756 and 1814, identify the factors that lead to conflict and revolution. Your outline should be for an essay of five paragraphs: an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. You should include the following: · a brief introduction with a thesis statement a topic sentence for each body paragraph point-form supporting details for each paragraph a rough conclusion
 * French & British and the fur trade **
 * History of the British Colonies in North America **
 * Acadian Expulsion **
 * Seven Years’ War **
 * American Revolution **
 * War of 1812 **
 * Essay Outline **
 * **Armin** || **Farhoud** || **Jessi** || **Carmelo** || **Rafael** || **Stephanie C** ||
 * **Maddy** || **Stephanie E** || **Jessica** || **Dylan** || **Katherine** || **Sue** ||
 * **Bailey** || **Sadie** || **Nikki** || **Hugh** || **Philip** || **Reza** ||
 * **Emilie** || **Matt P** || **Yaroslav** || **Arman** || **Eric** || **Cathy** ||
 * **Sassan** || **Andrew** || **Tyler** || **Holly** || **Jasper** ||  ||

__**Vikings**__
<span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden, Denmark) ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">L'Anse aux Meadows - Vinland (In Northern Newfoundland) **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">800 AD to 1100 AD **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Lack Of Land **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Long Ships **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Greenland & Newfoundland (Vinland) **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">The Vikings were in conflict with the local Native peoples. They Attacked and killed anyone they found. **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Sages or stories of Viking voyages ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">

__**Early European Exploration**__
<span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Asia ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Cod-Fish Gold, Fur ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Fredinand Magellan **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Quick route to the riches of Asia and needed a sea route because other groups controlled overland trade and Mediterranean sea route **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Christiphor Columbus **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Vasco da Gama **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">John Cabot **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Hernan Cortes **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Canada's northern waters, Northwest Passage **

__**Europe in the early modern era**__
<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Helped trade. Monarchs & Nobles sponsored voyages of trade and exploration. ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Improvements to ship building and navigation (caravel ships & Mariner's astrolabe & quadrant) **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">75% of Europeans lived on farms **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Farming not very productive **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Great deal of uncertainty in daily life (disease, war, taxes to pay, robbery) **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Caused people to move to less productive land **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Men, Women and Children forced to work for extra earnings **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Poverty **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Slavery Widespread **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Strong Missionary movements (Jesuits, Ursulines) **

__**Imperialism & Colonialism**__
<span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Nations control weaker territories outside their border. The practice is called "IMPERIALISM" **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Established colonies primarily for economic reasons **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Europe **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">"MERCANTILISM" states that there is a certain amount of wealth in the world **

__**John Cabot & Jacques Cartier**__
<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">England **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Fish & Newfoundland **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">France **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Stadacona & Hochelaga **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Cartier planted a wooden cross and claimed land for King of France in front of their chief, Donnacona. The French were also interfering with their trade routes. He also kidnapped Donnacona and his two sons. **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Lost 25 men to Scurvy caused by lack of Vitamin C **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Natives gave a cure to Cartier & his men **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Charted one of the great rivers of North America. Gave France a claim on the mainland. **

__**Champlain Early French Settlement**__
<span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Fish, Fur ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Quebec ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;"> <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">A post established by Champlain in Quebec **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Staying the winter would give trade advantage **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Exclusive right to trade in an area **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Ile Ste Croix **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Port Royal **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Settlers were ancestors of Acadians **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Formed the Order of Good Cheer to keep spirits up **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Huron Also Algonkins & Montagnais **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Iroquois **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">"Father Of New France" **

__**Who’s who in New France**__
<span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Louis (XIV or 14th) ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**The same as France** <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">(King's Daughters) They king sent them to find husbands and increase the population ** <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);"> Under this system, the lands were arranged in long, narrow strips, called seigneuries, along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River. Each piece of land belonged to the king of France and was maintained by the landlord, or seigneur. A seigneur in New France was usually ruled by King Louis XIV. The seigneur divided the land further among his habitants, who cleared the land and farmed the land.**
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">The Governor **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Responsible for defense of colony **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">The Bishop **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Head of Catholic Church, Looked after churches, schools, hospitals & the poor **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">The Intendant **
 * <span style="color: rgb(25, 176, 17); font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif;">**<span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Responsible for daily running of the colony **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Young men who worked in fur trade, lived like natives **
 * Seigneurial System:
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Habitants is the name used to refer to the settlers that live on the seigneur's property, playing him with food as rent. **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Quebec, Trois-Riveres, Montreal **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">Canoe, larger boats, or on rafts with sails **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">St. Lawrence **
 * <span style="color: rgb(29, 76, 16);">A person sent on a religious mission, especially one to promote Christianity in a foreign country **